Other Behaviors
Medication Adherence
CM has been used to promote adherence to a wide variety of medications, including medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and for the prevention and treatment of HIV.
Most of the MOUD adherence CM research has focused on naltrexone, with the best outcomes achieved when combined with the therapeutic workplace intervention. See the medication adherence section of:
Bolívar, H. A., Klemperer, E. M., Coleman, S. R. M., DeSarno, M., Skelly, J. M., & Higgins, S. T. (2021). Contingency management for patients receiving medication for opioid use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 78(10), 1092–1102. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1969
Some recent feasibility studies are exploring the use of remote CM to promote methadone and buprenorphine adherence:
DeFulio, A., Brown, H. D., Davidson, R. M., Regnier, S. D., Kang, N., & Ehart, M. (2022). Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone-based contingency management intervention for buprenorphine adherence. Behavior analysis in practice, 16(2), 450–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-022-00730-8
Metrebian, N., Carr, E., Goldsmith, K., Weaver, T., Pilling, S., Shearer, J., Woolston-Thomas, K., Tas, B., Cooper, C., Getty, C. A., Van Der Waal, R., Kelleher, M., Finch, E., Bijral, P., Taylor, D., Scott, J., & Strang, J. (2021). Mobile telephone delivered contingency management for encouraging adherence to supervised methadone consumption: Feasibility study for an RCT of clinical and cost-effectiveness (TIES). Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 7(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00761-4
CM has also been used successfully to promote adherence to medications to treat or prevent HIV:
Sorensen, J. L., Haug, N. A., Delucchi, K. L., Gruber, V., Kletter, E., Batki, S. L., Tulsky, J. P., Barnett, P., & Hall, S. (2007). Voucher reinforcement improves medication adherence in HIV-positive methadone patients: a randomized trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 88(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.019
Landovitz, R. J., Fletcher, J. B., Shoptaw, S., & Reback, C. J. (2015). Contingency management facilitates the use of postexposure prophylaxis among stimulant-using men who have sex with men. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 2(1), ofu114. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofu114
Treatment Attendance
CM is an effective way to increase attendance to outpatient addiction treatment with impacts that are in the medium effects range.
Pfund, R. A., Ginley, M. K., Rash, C. J., & Zajac, K. (2022). Contingency management for treatment attendance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 133, 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108556
Petry, N. M., Alessi, S. M., Rash, C. J., Barry, D., & Carroll, K. M. (2018). A randomized trial of contingency management reinforcing attendance at treatment: Do duration and timing of reinforcement matter? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(10), 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000330